[ANPPOM-Lista] Artigo de David M. Greenberg (Cambridge)

Seg Ago 15 10:19:37 BRT 2016

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> <h1>Musical genres are out of date – but this new system explains why
> you might like both jazz and hip hop</h1>

> <span><a
> href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/david-m-greenberg-204317">David
> M. Greenberg</a>, <em><a
> href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-cambridge">University
> of Cambridge</a></em></span>

> <p>It’s hard to pinpoint the exact time in history when genre labels
> were used to classify music, but the fact is that over the past
> century, and certainly still today, genre labels dominate. Whether
> organising your iTunes library, receiving music recommendations from
> apps like Spotify, or buying CDs at a record store, genre is the
> first way in which we navigate the music we like.</p>

> <p>However, technological advances have now put millions of songs at
> our fingertips through mobile devices. Not only do we have access to
> more music than ever before, but more music is being produced.
> Places like <a href="https://soundcloud.com/">SoundCloud</a> have
> made it possible for anyone to record and publish music for others
> to hear. With this increased diversity in music that we are exposed
> to, the lines separating genres have become even more blurred than
> they were previously.</p>

> <p>Genre labels are problematic for several reasons. First, they are
> broad umbrella terms that are used to describe music that vary
> greatly in their characteristics. If a person says they are a fan of
> “rock” music, there is no way of knowing whether they are referring
> to The Beatles, Bob Dylan, or Jimi Hendrix — but all three vary
> greatly in style. Or if a person tells you that they are a fan of
> pop music, how do you know if they are referring to Michael Jackson
> or Justin Bieber?</p>

> <figure class="align-center ">
> <img alt=""
> src="https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/133093/width754/image-20160804-496-ka2he8.jpg">
> <figcaption>
> <span class="caption">Where to start?</span>
> <span class="attribution"><span
> class="source">Ollyy/Shutterstock.com</span></span>
> </figcaption>
> </figure>

> <p>Genre labels are also often socially driven with little to do with
> the actual characteristics of the music. They are labels stamped
> onto artists and albums by record companies with the intent of
> targeting a particularly type of audience or age group.</p>

> <h2>Beyond genre</h2>

> <p>The fundamental problem is that genre labels often do not
> accurately describe artists and their music – they simply do not do
> them justice. A more accurate way to label music would be based
> solely on their actual musical characteristics (or attributes). Such
> a labelling system would also likely better account for diversity in
> a person’s music taste.</p>

> <p>Recently, my team of music psychologists addressed this problem by
> developing a scientific way to create a basic classification system
> of music that is based on its attributes and not social
> connotations. The team included expert in musical preferences, Jason
> Rentfrow (Cambridge), best-selling author and neuroscientist Daniel
> Levitin (McGill), big data scientists David Stillwell (Cambridge)
> and Michal Kosinski (Stanford), and music researcher Brian Monteiro.
> Our <a href="http://spp.sagepub.com/content/7/6/597">research</a>
> was published this month.</p>

> <p>We had more than 100 musical excerpts spanning over 20 genres and
> subgenres rated on 38 different musical attributes. We then applied
> a statistical procedure to categorise these musical attributes and
> discovered that they clustered into three basic categories:
> “Arousal” (the energy level of the music); “Valence” (the spectrum
> from sad to happy emotions in the music); and “Depth” (the amount of
> sophistication and emotional depth in the music). The statistical
> procedure mapped each song on each these three basic categories. For
> example, Joni Mitchell’s “<a
> href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5782PQO5is">Blue</a>” is low
> on arousal (because of the slow tempo and soft vocals), low on
> valence (because of the expressed nostalgia and sadness), and high
> on depth (because of the emotional and sonic complexity expressed
> through the lyrics and sonic texture).</p>

> <figure class="align-center zoomable">
> <a
> href="https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/133076/area14mp/image-20160804-484-1kkihi5.jpg"><img
> alt=""
> src="https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/133076/width754/image-20160804-484-1kkihi5.jpg"></a>
> <figcaption>
> <span class="caption">The songs listed represent each of the three
> musical attribute clusters.</span>
> <span class="attribution"><a class="source"
> href="http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/insights/can-your-personality-explain-your-itunes-playlist">Tricia
> Seibold | Stanford Business |
> http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/insights/can-your-personality-explain-your-itunes-playlist</a></span>
> </figcaption>
> </figure>

> <h2>Arousal, valence, depth</h2>

> <p>Will people start walking around wearing T-shirts that say “I love
> Depth in music”, or list themselves as fans of positive valence on
> their Twitter profiles? I doubt it. But it might be useful if people
> began to use attributes to describe the music that they like
> (aggressive or soft; happy or nostalgic). People’s music libraries
> today are incredibly diverse, typically containing music from a
> variety of genres. My hypothesis is that if people like arousal in
> one musical genre, they are likely to like it in another.</p>

> <p>Even though these basic three dimensions probably won’t become a
> part of culture, recommendation platforms, like Spotify, Pandora,
> Apple Music, and YouTube should find these dimensions useful when
> coding and trying to accurately recommend music for their users to
> listen to. Further, it is also useful for scientists, psychologists,
> and neuroscientists who are studying the effect of music and want an
> accurate method to measure it.</p>

> <p>Our team next sought to see how preferences for these three
> dimensions were linked to the <a
> href="https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/personality-16/trait-perspectives-on-personality-79/the-five-factor-model-311-12846/">Big
> Five</a>. Personality traits (openness, conscientiousness,
> extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism). Nearly 10,000 people
> indicated their preferences for 50 musical excerpts and completed a
> personality measure. People who scored high on “openness to
> experience” preferred depth in music, while extroverted
> excitement-seekers preferred high arousal in music. Those who were
> relatively neurotic preferred negative emotions in music, while
> those who were self-assured preferred positive emotions in
> music.</p>

> <iframe src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/5zLwT/1/" frameborder="0"
> allowtransparency="true" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"
> webkitallowfullscreen="webkitallowfullscreen"
> mozallowfullscreen="mozallowfullscreen"
> oallowfullscreen="oallowfullscreen"
> msallowfullscreen="msallowfullscreen" width="100%"
> height="471"></iframe>

> <p>So, just as the old Kern and Hammerstein song suggests, “The Song
> is You”. That is, the musical attributes that you like most reflect
> your personality. It also provides scientific support for what Joni
> Mitchell said in a 2013 <a
> href="http://www.jonimitchell.com/library/view.cfm?id=2600">interview</a>
> with CBC:</p>

> <blockquote><p>The trick is if you listen to that music and you see
> me, you’re not getting anything out of it. If you listen to that
> music and you see yourself, it will probably make you cry and you’ll
> learn something about yourself and now you’re getting something out
> of it.</p></blockquote>

> <hr>

> <p><em>Find out how you score on the music and personality quizzes at
> <a
> href="http://www.musicaluniverse.org">www.musicaluniverse.org</a>.</em></p>

> <p><span><a
> href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/david-m-greenberg-204317">David
> M. Greenberg</a>, Music psychologist, <em><a
> href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-cambridge">University
> of Cambridge</a></em></span></p>

> <p>This article was originally published on <a
> href="http://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a>. Read the <a
> href="https://theconversation.com/musical-genres-are-out-of-date-but-this-new-system-explains-why-you-might-like-both-jazz-and-hip-hop-63539">original
> article</a>.</p>

> --

> Prof. Dr. Marcos Câmara de Castro
> Departamento de Música
> Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto
> Universidade de São Paulo

> http://dgp.cnpq.br/dgp/espelhogrupo/4094693495303397
> http://portal.ffclrp.usp.br/sites/camaradecastro
> http://lattes.cnpq.br/8866596468646798
> https://scholar.google.com.br/citations?hl=pt-BR&user=GBa82HMAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate

-- 

Prof. Dr. Marcos Câmara de Castro 
Departamento de Música 
Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto 
Universidade de São Paulo 

http://dgp.cnpq.br/dgp/espelhogrupo/4094693495303397 
http://portal.ffclrp.usp.br/sites/camaradecastro 
http://lattes.cnpq.br/8866596468646798 
https://scholar.google.com.br/citations?hl=pt-BR&user=GBa82HMAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate 
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